Tourism at Risk : A Review of Risk and Perceived Risk in Tourism

Tourism at Risk : A Review of Risk and Perceived Risk in Tourism

  • Review Paper
  • Open access
  • Release :
  • Volume 3, article act13, (2014)
  • Cite this article
  • Elaine Chiao Ling Yang1&
  • Vikneswaran Nair2 

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  • 37Citations

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Abstract

Since the 9/11 attack in 2001 , a act of major tragedies , including the SARS outbreak , the Bali bombings , and the Asian tsunami , receive swept the tourism industry across the globe . The impact of these crises was unprecedented and thus , it raises the necessity to go over the existing hazard literature in tourism . This paper reviews the multi-dimensional concept of danger in tourism by analyze 46 pick out articles following the guidelines of contented analysis . The findings are categorized into four broad signify themes : ( 1 ) the concept of hazard , safety and security ; ( 2 ) the research trend of risk in tourism ; ( 3 ) the definitions and antecedents of perceived risk ; and ( 4 ) hazard as a positivist element . Based on the analysis , a framework exist suggest for future research . The originality of this study lie in in its endeavor to conceptualize a comprehensive framework of hazard perception in tourism as the exist literature tends to live empirically skewed , result in theoretical frameworks underused or applied in a fragmented means .

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Aschauer , W. ( 2010 ) . Perception of tourists at risky destinations – A model of psychological influence factors .Tourism Review, 65 ( 2 ) , 4–20 . doi : 10.1108/16605371011061589

Barker , M. , Page , S. J. , & Meyer , D. ( 2003 ) . Urban visitor perception of safety during a particular event .Journal of Travel Research, 41 ( 4 ) , 355–361 . doi : 10.1177/0047287503041004004

Batra , A . ( 2008 ) . Foreign tourists ‘ perception towards personal safety and possible crime while inflict Bangkok .Anatolia : An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 19 ( 1 ) , 89–101 . doi : 10.1080/13032917.2008.9687055

Bello , D. C. , & Etzel , M. J . ( 1985 ) . The part of novelty in the pleasure travel experience .Journal of Travel Research, 24 ( 1 ) , 20–26 . doi : 10.1177/004728758502400104

Bentley , T. , Page , S. , Meyer , D. , Chalmers , D. , & Laird , I . ( 2001 ) . How safe equal adventure tourism in New Zealand ? An exploratory analysis .Applied Ergonomics, 32 ( 4 ) , 327–338 .

Berg , B. L. ( 2004 ) .Qualitative research method for social sciences( 5th ed. ) . Boston , MA : Pearson .

Björk , P. , & Kauppinen-Räisänen , H. ( 2013 ) . Destination coutries ‘ danger image as perceived by Finnish traveler .Matkailututkimus, 9 ( 1 ) , 21–38 .

Budescu , D. V. , & Wallsten , T. S. ( 1985 ) . Consistency in interpretation of probabilistic phrases .Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 36 ( 3 ) , 391–405 . doi : 10.1016/0749-5978 ( 85 ) 90007-X

Cater , C. I . ( 2006 ) . Playing with risk ? Participant perception of risk and direction significance in adventure tourism .Tourism Direction, 27 ( 2 ) , 317–325 . doi : 10.1016/j.tourman.2004.10.005

Chang , H-H. ( 2010 ) . Nationality ‘s differences in youth tourists ‘ travelling risk perceptions and satisfaction within Taiwan .Journal of Tourism, XI ( 2 ) , 19–49 .

Cohen , E. ( 1972 ) . Toward a sociology of international tourism .Social Research, 39 ( 1 ) , 164–182 .

Dickson , T. , & Dolnicar , S. ( 2004 , 10-13 February 2004 ) .No danger , no fun : the use of perceive risk in adventure tourism. Paper introduce at the 13th International Research Conference of the Council of Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education ( CAUTHE ) , Brisbane .

Fuchs , G. , & Reichel , A . ( 2006 ) . Tourist destination risk perception : the case of Israel .Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 14 ( 2 ) , 83–108 . doi : 10.1300/J150v14n02_06

Fuchs , G. , & Reichel , A . ( 2011 ) . An exploratory inquiry into destination risk perceptions and danger reduction strategy of first time vs. repeat visitor to a extremely volatile destination .Tourism Management, 32 ( 2 ) , 266–276 . doi : 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.01.012

George , R. ( 2003 ) . Tourist ‘s perception of safety and security while visit Cape Town .Tourism Management, 24 ( 5 ) , 575–585 . doi : 10.1016/S0261-5177 ( 03 ) 00003-7

George , R. ( 2010 ) . Visitor perception of crime-safety and attitudes towards risk : the case of Table Mountain National Park , CapeTown . Tourism Management, 31 ( 6 ) , 806–815 . doi : 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.011

Gray , J. M. , & Wilson , M. A . ( 2009 ) . The relative danger perception of travel hazards .Environment and Behavior, 41 ( 2 ) , 185–204 . doi : 10.1177/0013916507311898

Hall , C. M. , Timothy , D. J. , & Duval , D. T. ( 2004 ) . Security and tourism : towards a novel understanding ?Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15 ( 2-3 ) , 1–18 . doi : 10.1300/ J073v15n02_01

Heung , V. C. S. , Qu , H. , & Chu , R. ( 2001 ) . The relationship between vacation factors and socio-demographic and travelling characteristics : the case of Japanese leisure traveler .Tourism Management, 22 ( 3 ) , 259–269 . doi : 10.1016/S0261-5177 ( 00 ) 00057-1

Hofstede , G. ( 2001 ) .Culture ‘s consequence : comparison values , conduct , institutions , and organizations across nations( 2nd ed. ) . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .

Korstanje , M. ( 2009 ) . Re-visiting risk perception theory in the context of travel .e-Review of Tourism Research, 7 ( 4 ) , 68–81 .

Korstanje , M. ( 2011 ) . The fear of traveling : a new perspective for tourism and hospitality .Anatolia, 22 ( 2 ) , 222–233 . doi : 10.1080/13032917.2011.597935

Kovari , I. , & Zimanyi , K. ( 2011 ) . Safety and security in the years of global tourism ( The changing role and conception of safety and protection in tourism ) .APSTRACT : Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce, 5 ( 3-4 ) , 59–61 .

Kozak , M. , Crotts , J. C. , & Law , R. ( 2007 ) . The impact of the perception of hazard on international traveler .International Journal of Tourism Research, 9 ( 4 ) , 233–242 . doi : 10.1002/jtr.607

Krippendorff , K. ( 1980 ) .Contented analysis : an introduction to its methodology. Newburry Park , CA : Sage .

Law , R. ( 2006 ) . The perceived impact of risks on travel conclusion .International Journal of Tourism Research, 8 ( 4 ) , 289–300 . doi : 10.1002/jtr.576

Lepp , A. , & Gibson , H. ( 2003 ) . Tourist use , perceived risk and international tourism .Annals of Tourism Research, 30 ( 3 ) , 606–624 . doi : 10.1016/S0160-7383 ( 03 ) 00024-0

Mansfeld , Y. , & Pizam , A . ( 2006 ) . Tourism and safety issues . In Y. Mansfeld & A. Pizam ( Eds . ) ,Tourism , protection & safety : from theory to practice( pp . 139–141 ) . Burlington , MA : Butterworth-Heinemann .

Maser , B. , & Weiermair , K. ( 1998 ) . Travel decision-making : from the advantage item of perceived risk and information preferences .Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 7 ( 4 ) , 107–121 . doi : 10.1300/J073v07n04_06

Maslow , A. H. ( 1943 ) . A theory of human motivation .Psychological Review, 50 ( 4 ) , 370–396 .

Milman , A. , Jones , F. , & Bach , S. ( 1999 ) . The impact of security devices on tourists ‘ perceive safety : The central florida case .Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 23 ( 4 ) , 371–386 . doi : 10.1177/109634809902300403

Mitchell , V. W. , & Greatorex , M. ( 1993 ) . Risk perception and reduction in the purchase of consumer service .The Service Industries Journal, 13 ( 4 ) , 179–200 . doi : 10.1080/02642069300000068

Nardi , M. D. , & Wilks , J . ( 2007 ) . Tourist water safety : surf spirit write initiatives for the Japanese inbound market .Journal of Vacation Marketing, 13 ( 3 ) , 275–283 . doi : 10.1177/1356766707077700

Parasuraman , A. , Zeithaml , V. A. , & Berry , L. L. ( 1985 ) . A conceptual model of service quality and its implication for next inquiry .Journal of Market, 49 ( 4 ) , 41–50 . doi : 10.2307/1251430

Pennington-Gray , L. , & Schroeder , A . ( 2013 ) . International tourist ‘s perceptions of safety & protection : the role of social media .Matkailututkimus, 9 ( 1 ) , 7–20 .

Pizam , A . ( 1999 ) . A comprehensive approach to classifying acts of crime and force at tourism destinations .Journal of Travel Research, 38 ( 1 ) , 5–12 . doi : 10.1177/004728759903800103

Pizam , A. , Jeong , G.-H. , Reichel , A. , van Boemmel , H. , Lusson , J. M. , Steynberg , L. , … Montmany , N. ( 2004 ) . The relationship between risk-taking , sensation-seeking , and the tourist conduct of youthful adult : a cross-cultural report .Journal of Travel Research, 42 ( 3 ) , 251–260 . doi : 10.1177/0047287503258837

Pizam , A. , & Mansfeld , Y . ( 2006 ) . Toward a theory of tourism security . In Y. Mansfeld & A. Pizam ( Eds . ) ,Tourism , security & safety : from theory to practice( pp . 1–27 ) . Burlington , MA : Butterworth-Heinemann .

Plog , S. ( 1974 ) . Why destination areas raise and dusk in popularity .Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 14 ( 4 ) , 55–58 . doi : 10.1177/001088047401400409

Plog , S. ( 2001 ) . Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity – An update of a Cornell quarterly classis .Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42 ( 3 ) , 13–24 .

Qi , C. X. , Gibson , H. J. , & Zhang , J. J . ( 2009 ) . Perceptions of hazard and travel intentions : The suit of China and the Beijing Olympic Games .Journal of Sport & Tourism, 14 ( 1 ) , 43–67 . doi : 10.1080/14775080902847439

Quintal , V. A. , Lee , J . A. , & Soutar , G. N. ( 2010 ) . Risk , uncertainty and the theory of planned conduct : a tourism case .Tourism Direction, 31 ( 6 ) , 797–805 . doi : 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.006

Reisinger , Y. , & Mavondo , F. ( 2005 ) . Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally : implication of travel danger perception .Journal of Travel Research, 43 ( 3 ) , 212–225 . doi : 10.1177/0047287504272017

Roehl , W. S. , & Fesenmaier , D. R. ( 1992 ) . Risk perceptions and pleasure travel : an exploratory analysis .Journal of Travel Research, 30 ( 4 ) , 17–26 . doi : 10.1177/004728759203000403

Schiffman , L. G. , & Kanuk , L. L. ( 1991 ) .Consumer behavior( 4th ed. ) . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall .

Schiffman , L. G. , Kanuk , L. L. , & Wisenblit , J . ( 2010 ) .Consumer behavior( 10th ed. ) . UpperSaddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall .

Schusterschitz , C. , Schütz , H. , & Wiedemann , P. M. ( 2010 ) . Looking for a safe harbor after fancy thrills : a psychometric analysis of risk perception in alpine tourist destinations .Journal of Risk Research, 13 ( 3 ) , 379–398 . doi : 10.1080/13669870903134949

Seabra , C. , Dolnicar , S. , Abrantes , J. L. , & Kastenholz , E. ( 2013 ) . Heterogeneity in risk and safety perceptions of international tourist .Tourism Management, 36 ( 0 ) , 502–510 . doi : 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.008

Seddighi , H. R. , Nuttall , M. W. , & Theocharous , A. L. ( 2001 ) . Cause ethnic background of tourist determine the destination selection ? An empirical study with special reference to political instability .Tourism Direction, 22 ( 2 ) , 181–191 . doi : 10.1016/S0261- 5177 ( 00 ) 00046-7

Shin , Y.-S. ( 2005 ) . Safety , protection and peace tourism : The suit of the DMZ field .Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 10 ( 4 ) , 411–426 . doi : 10.1080/10941660500363777

Simpson , P. M. , & Siguaw , J . A . ( 2008 ) . Perceive travel risks : the traveller position and manageability .International Journal of Tourism Research, 10 ( 4 ) , 315–327 .

Sirakaya , E. , Sheppard , A. G. , & McLellan , R. W. ( 1997 ) . Judgment of the relationship between perceived safety at a vacation site and destination selection decisions : hold out the behavioral decision-making model .Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 21 ( 2 ) , 1–10 . doi : 10.1177/109634809702100201

Sönmez , S. F. , Apostolopoulos , Y. , & Tarlow , P. ( 1999 ) . Tourism in crisis : managing the effects of terrorism .Journal of Travel Research, 38 ( 1 ) , 13–18 . doi : 10.1177/004728759903800104

Sönmez , S. F. , & Graefe , A. R. ( 1998a ) . Determining future travel behavior from past travel experience and perception of hazard and safety .Journal of Travel Research, 37 ( 2 ) , 172–177 .

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  1. Griffith University , Queensland , Australia

    Elaine Chiao Ling Yang

  2. Taylor ’ sec University , Subang Jaya , Malaysia

    Vikneswaran Nair

  1. Elaine Chiao Ling Yang
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  2. Vikneswaran Nair
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Suggested citation :Yang , E.C.L . & Nair , V. ( 2014 ) . Tourism at danger : A review of risk and perceive risk in tourism .Asia-Pacific Journal of Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism, 3 ( 2 ) , 239-259 .

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Yang , E. , Nair , V. Tourism at Risk : A Review of Risk and Perceived Risk in Tourism .Asia-Pac J Innov Hosp Tour 3, 13 ( 2014 ) . https : //doi.org/10.7603/s40930-014-0013-z

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Keywords :

  • Danger
  • perceived risk
  • safety
  • security
  • tourism

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