An Overview of the Tourism Entrepreneurship

Put up by Md . Harun Ar Rashid |Apr 28 , 2023| Travel and Tourism

An Overview of the Tourism Entrepreneurship :

Tourism entrepreneurship refers to the process of identifying , creating , and originate a new occupation venture in the tourism industry . It require recognizing opportunity to render tourism-related products or service that fill the need and preferences of traveler and then design and implement a scheme to call on those estimate into a profitable and sustainable business . Tourism entrepreneurship can remove many shape , from initiate a small tour party to set up an online travel book program to formulate a new tourist attraction or experience . Successful tourism entrepreneurs are much innovative , creative , and customer-focused , and they are able to identify and answer to come out course and changing consumer preferences in the tourism industry . In the rest of this article , we will give you with an overview of the tourism entrepreneurship ; include its definition , classification , characteristic , functions , and its part in economic development and as a critical resource .

Definition of Tourism Entrepreneurship :

Some of the necessary definition exist given below :

“ Tourism entrepreneurship refers to the procedure of identifying , creating , and developing a new business venture in the tourism industry. ” (UNWTO , 2016 , p. 13)

“ Tourism entrepreneurship equal the act of create and grapple a occupation venture in the tourism industry . This includes identify opportunities to extend tourism-related products or services , as good as developing and carry out strategy to bring those offerings to market. ” (Mura & De Carlo , 2017 , p. 32)

“ Tourism entrepreneurship involves the creation and management of a occupation that leave innovative and unique tourism experiences to visitors . It requires identify market opportunity , develop a competitive product , and render high-quality service to satisfy customer needs. ” (Jamal & Getz , 1995 , p. 27)

“ Tourism entrepreneurship exist the process of identifying and exploit business opportunity in the tourism industry . It involves produce and delivering value to customers , while too generating sustainable profit for the business. ” (Hall & Williams , 2008 , p. 11)

“ Tourism entrepreneurship refers to the process of spring up and managing a occupation venture in the tourism industry , with the object of produce value for customers , employees , and shareholders . This demand identifying market needs , design innovative products or services , and delivering them in a sustainable and responsible manner. ” (Chiu & Yang , 2019 , p. 216)

Classification of Tourism Entrepreneurship :

Tourism entrepreneurship equal a complex and multifaceted phenomenon , encompassing a broad range of business activity and strategies in the tourism industry . Scholars and practitioners have advise several way to classify tourism entrepreneurship , depending on the perspective , context , and role of the classification . Hither , we will search some of the most common classifications of tourism entrepreneurship and discuss their intensity and limitation .

1. Type of entrepreneurship :One style to classify tourism entrepreneurship is based on the type of entrepreneurship , such as :

• Lifestyle entrepreneurship :This type of entrepreneurship live characterized by the desire to produce a business that supports a particular lifestyle , such as travel , leisure , or culture . Lifestyle entrepreneurs exist much motivated by personal fulfillment , autonomy , and creativity , instead than profit maximization .
• Necessity entrepreneurship :This type of entrepreneurship arises from the motive to generate income and utilization opportunities in the context of special or precarious job options . Necessity entrepreneurs often start small and informal businesses that require trivial capital or skills , such as street vending , handicrafts , or food service .
• Opportunity entrepreneurship :This type of entrepreneurship stem from the recognition of a market opportunity or a gap in the tourism industry that can be exploited by a novel or existing occupation . Opportunity entrepreneurs much hold a high degree of invention , risk-taking , and growth orientation , and may seek outside financing or support to scale up their business .

Strengths :This classification aid to realize the diverse motivation and context that drive tourism entrepreneurship , and can inform policies and programs that provide to unlike type of entrepreneur .

Limitations :The boundaries between these types of entrepreneurship can live blurred , and entrepreneur may shift from one type to another depending on the circumstances . Furthermore , the focus on the individual motivation of entrepreneur may neglect the broader social , economical , and institutional factors that determine their success .

2. Stage of development :Another means to separate tourism entrepreneurship is based on the point of development of the business , such as :

• Nascent entrepreneurship :This degree refers to the early phase of business universe , when the entrepreneur cost even in the procedure of formulate the thought , testing the feasibility , and search resource and support . Nascent entrepreneurs may face up high uncertainty , information asymmetry , and resource constraints , and may trust on personal network or informal source of financing .
• New venture entrepreneurship :This stage refers to the period of actual occupation operation , when the entrepreneur hold launched the production or service , learn customer , and started to generate revenue . New venture entrepreneurs may face up challenges such as market competition , need variation , operational efficiency , and financial sustainability .
• Established entrepreneurship :This stage mention to the period of due date and growing of the occupation , when the entrepreneur make accomplish a stable and profitable operation , elaborate the customer base and production portfolio , and may study diversification , franchising , or internationalization . Established entrepreneurs may face challenge such as invention , quality mastery , sword direction , and succession planning .

Strengths :This classification helps to translate the dynamic nature of tourism entrepreneurship , and the different challenge and opportunities that entrepreneurs face up at different point of business evolution . It can too inform policies and programs that direct specific phase of entrepreneurship , such as business incubation , mentoring , or access to finance .

Limitations :The boundaries between these degree can be arbitrary and context-dependent , and entrepreneurs may go through multiple degree at the same time or in a nonlinear means . Moreover , the focus on the internal characteristic of the occupation may neglect the outside factor that regard its success , such as the market environment , the regulatory framework , or the social and cultural context .

3. The focus of entrepreneurship :A third path to separate tourism entrepreneurship is base on the stress of entrepreneurship , such as :

• Product entrepreneurship :This type of entrepreneurship focuses on the world and delivery of tourism product or service , such as circuit packages , accommodations , attraction , or event . Product entrepreneurs may differentiate themselves from competitors by offering unique , high-quality , or customized products , or by direct specific corner markets .
• Procedure entrepreneurship :This type of entrepreneurship focuses on the improvement and invention of the business work on that support the universe and delivery of tourism production or services , such as marketing , distribution , operations , or customer service . Process entrepreneurs may search to cut down price , growth efficiency , or enhance customer satisfaction by adopting fresh technologies , management system , or organizational structure .
• Social entrepreneurship :This type of entrepreneurship focus on the creation of social and environmental value in increase to economic value , by come up to social or environmental trouble through tourism-related activities . Social entrepreneurs may act on end such as poverty reduction , community evolution , ethnic preservation , or environmental conservation , and may cooperate with stakeholders such as local community , NGOs , or governments .

Strengths :This classification helps to understand the different dimension of entrepreneurship beyond the economical aspects , and the potential of tourism entrepreneurship to contribute to sustainable development and social welfare . It can also inform policies and programs that promote or reward social and environmental entrepreneurship , such as certification strategy , impact investment , or social invention hubs .

Restriction :The boundary between these stress can cost blurred , and entrepreneurs may engage multiple focuses simultaneously or in a sequential way . Moreover , the stress on the positivist result of social entrepreneurship may neglect the trade-offs and challenges that entrepreneurs face in balance social , environmental , and economical objectives .

4. The scale of entrepreneurship :A 4th way to classify tourism entrepreneurship is based on the scale of entrepreneurship , such as :

• Microentrepreneurship :This scale refers to businesses that utilize few than 10 mass and own a low turnover and special market scope . Micro entrepreneur may control from plate or small assumption and may trust on family labor , informal network , or self-financing .
• Humble entrepreneurship :This scale refers to businesses that utilize between 10 and 49 masses and get a high turnover and wide market reach than micro-enterprises . Small entrepreneurs may lock in multiple locations , do diverse customer section , and may search outside financing or partnerships to flourish their occupation .
• Medium entrepreneurship :This scale refers to occupation that utilize between 50 and 249 mass and get a important impact on the local or regional economy . Medium entrepreneur may have a well-established sword , a diversified production portfolio , and a strategic vision for growth and invention .
• Big entrepreneurship :This scale refers to businesses that use more than 250 mass and have a global or national presence in the tourism industry . Big entrepreneur may control in multiple sector and countries , have a firm collective identity , and may face regulatory or political challenge associate to their size and market power .

Intensity :This classification helps to understand the unlike contributions and challenge of tourism entrepreneurship at unlike scales , and can inform policies and programs that cater to the needs of unlike scale of entrepreneurship , such as tax incentive , business network , or internationalization support .

Limitation :The boundaries between these scale can be arbitrary and context-dependent , and entrepreneurs may face up unlike challenge and opportunity depending on the sector , part , or market . Furthermore , the focus on the quantitative face of scale may neglect the qualitative look of entrepreneurship , such as invention , character , and social impact .

Characteristic and Qualities of Tourism Entrepreneurship :

Hither live some key characteristic and character of tourism entrepreneurship :

• Creativity and innovation :Tourism entrepreneurs need to be creative and innovative to arise unique , attractive , and distinguish tourism merchandise and service . They need to identify gaps in the market , understand customer needs and preferences , and total up with novel and exciting ways to meet those needs . Creativity and invention can as well help tourism entrepreneur to suffer out in a crowded market and distinguish themselves from competitors .
• Risk-taking and resilience :Starting and extend a tourism business regard remove risks , such as invest time , money , and imagination without a guaranteed return . Tourism entrepreneur require to have the courage and confidence to remove calculated hazard , and to bounce back from setbacks and failure . Resilience is also important in the face of external factors such as economic downturns , natural disasters , or pandemics , which can interrupt tourism demand and operations .
• Vision and strategic thought :Tourism entrepreneur involve to have a clear and compelling vision of what they need to accomplish with their occupation and a strategic plan for how to come thither . They demand to be able to identify and prioritize end , lay targets and milestones , and make strategic decision base on market course , customer feedback , and competitive analysis . Vision and strategic thought can as well help tourism entrepreneurs to align their businesses with bigger societal or environmental goals , such as sustainable tourism evolution .
• Opportunity recognition and exploitation :Tourism entrepreneurs take to be able to discern and seize opportunity in the market , such as come out trends , unmet motive , or alter customer behaviors . They require to have a good understanding of the market dynamics , and the power to adjust and pivot their occupation model to capitalize on these opportunity . Opportunity realization and development can as well help tourism entrepreneurs to stay forward of the competitor and produce new value for their customer .
• Customer orientation and market responsiveness :Tourism entrepreneur need to be customer-centric and responsive to market demands , preferences , and feedback . They involve to understand their prey customer ’ motive , expectations , and behaviors , and to plan and present tourism product and services that fit or exceed those motive . Customer orientation and market responsiveness can too help tourism entrepreneur to build up loyal and satisfied customer basis , and to further positive word-of-mouth and reputation .
• Resourcefulness and adaptability :Tourism entrepreneurs require to cost resourceful and adaptable , especially in the look of limited resource or unexpected challenge . They need to cost able to get creative and cost-effective solutions to trouble and to exist flexible and agile in their operations and management . Resourcefulness and adaptability can also help tourism entrepreneur to optimize their resource exercise , minimize waste , and improve efficiency .
• Networking and collaboration :Tourism entrepreneur need to make and leverage network and partnerships to access resource , knowledge , and opportunities . They need to be able to lay down and maintain relationships with stakeholders such as suppliers , customer , investor , or regulators , and to cooperate with them on joint ventures , project , or initiatives . Networking and collaboration can too help tourism entrepreneur to learn from others , exchange best pattern , and enhance their social and ethnic capital .
• Passion and commitment :Tourism entrepreneurs need to have a firm sense of love and commitment to their business and its goals . They want to equal motivated by a sense of role , a desire to produce something new and valuable , and a willingness to form hard and hang on in the look of challenge . Love and commitment can also assist tourism entrepreneur to inspire and prompt their team members , and to make a positivist and supportive organizational culture .
• Financial and occupation acumen :Tourism entrepreneur require to hold a well understanding of finance and business management , such as accounting , budgeting , marketing , or human resources . They need to be able to care their finances , apportion their resources in effect , and reach legal financial and strategic decisions . Financial and occupation acumen can also help tourism entrepreneur to pull in investment and financing , negotiate favorable contracts , and reach profitability and sustainability .
• Leadership and team-building :Tourism entrepreneurs take to live in effect leaders who can inspire , motivate , and maneuver their squad member toward shared goals . They need to live able to delegate task , provide feedback and coaching , and foster a positivist and productive study environment . Leadership and team-building can as well help tourism entrepreneurs to build a strong and cohesive team , and to develop the skills and gift of their employees .
• Social and environmental responsibility :Tourism entrepreneurs need to live aware of and responsive to the social and environmental impact of their occupation , and to bring proactive measures to mitigate or address these impacts . They need to be invest to ethical and sustainable tourism pattern , such as minimizing waste and pollution , supporting local community and culture , or conserving natural resources and biodiversity . Social and environmental responsibility can also serve tourism entrepreneur to enhance their reputation and sword value , and to pull customers who value responsible and sustainable tourism .
• Continuous scholarship and improvement :Tourism entrepreneurs demand to live lifelong learners who are open to new ideas , knowledge , and experience . They need to cost able to muse on their performance , seek feedback and advice , and engage in continuous scholarship and improvement . Continuous learning and improvement can as well aid tourism entrepreneur to stay on up-to-date with market trend and best practices , innovate and adjust their occupation example , and enhance their competitiveness and resilience .

Occasion of Tourism Entrepreneurship :

Tourism entrepreneurship bring a critical office in push back invention , increase , and competitiveness in the tourism industry . As a dynamic and multifaceted field , tourism entrepreneurship regard a scope of functions that contribute to the creation , development , and management of tourism business and products . Hither , we will discuss the key office of tourism entrepreneurship and their importance for the tourism industry .

• Opportunity recognition and idea genesis :One of the primary function of tourism entrepreneurship is to identify and assess business opportunity in the tourism market . This demand conducting market inquiry , break down trends and consumer conduct , and generate ideas for fresh production or services that fill customer needs and preferences . By recognizing and exploiting untapped or underserved market niches , tourism entrepreneurs can create value for customer and yield competitive advantage for their businesses .
• Occupation planning and evolution :Once a occupation opportunity has been identify , tourism entrepreneurs require to train a comprehensive occupation design that outline the key aspect of their occupation , such as the market , the mark hearing , the production or services , the pricing and distribution strategies , the selling and publicity activities , and the fiscal projection . Business planning and evolution are essential functions of tourism entrepreneurship , as they assist entrepreneurs to clear up their sight and end , identify possible challenges and danger , and secure financing and resources for their occupation .
• Product and service pattern and invention :Tourism entrepreneur need to live creative and innovative in designing and developing tourism merchandise and service that put up unique and compelling experiences to customers . This may need produce new products or services from scar , or adapting and improve exist ones to meet change market need and trends . Product and service plan and innovation be significant purpose of tourism entrepreneurship , as they can help entrepreneurs to differentiate their occupation from competitors , enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty , and foster repeat business and referrals .
• Selling and promotion :Effective selling and promotion are essential affair of tourism entrepreneurship , as they serve entrepreneur to reach and attract possible customer , build sword awareness and reputation , and yield sale and revenue . This may involve educate a marketing program that includes a mixing of advertising , public relations , direct marketing , and digital selling activity , such as social media , search engine optimization , and content selling . Marketing and publicity strategy should cost tailor to the specific need and preferences of the target audience and aligned with the overall occupation scheme and goals .
• Sale and distribution :Once a tourism production or service has been developed and marketed , tourism entrepreneurs need to ensure that it live distributed and sold in effect to customer . This may involve partnering with travel agencies , circuit operator , online travel agency , or other intermediaries to hand a wider hearing and yield more booking . Sale and distribution affair of tourism entrepreneurship too require managing inventory , pricing , and revenue management strategies to optimize profitability and customer satisfaction .
• Financial direction and control :Tourism entrepreneurs demand to have a strait understanding of financial management and control , as this live essential for ensuring the sustainability and profitability of their business . This may require developing financial projection , managing budget , tracking and analyzing fiscal performance , and create strategic fiscal decisions that align with the overall occupation strategy and goals . Financial management and control functions of tourism entrepreneurship too involve supervise cash flow , managing debt and financing , and minimize financial risks and exposure .
• Human imagination management and evolution :Tourism entrepreneur require to manage and train their human resources effectively , as their employee are critical to the success and sustainability of their business . This may involve recruiting , hiring , and prepare employees , allow for ongoing coaching and feedback , foster a positivist and productive study environment , and formulate employee memory and motivation strategy . Human imagination management and evolution office of tourism entrepreneurship also involve managing employee performance , ensuring compliance with task laws and regulations , and fostering a diverse and inclusive workplace culture .
• Quality direction and customer service :Quality management and customer service are essential functions of tourism entrepreneurship , as they cost key driver of customer satisfaction , loyalty , and repeat business . Tourism entrepreneurs require to ensure that their products and services meet or exceed customer expectations in price of quality , safety , reliability , and consistency . This may involve develop choice management systems , conducting regular audits and assessments , and implementing continuous improvement processes . Tourism entrepreneur too want to provide excellent customer service and support , by respond to customer inquiry and complaint quickly and effectively , and by building long-run relationships with customer based on faith , regard , and empathy .
• Environmental and social responsibility :Tourism entrepreneurship make a important impact on the natural and social environments in which it operates . As such , tourism entrepreneurs need to be mindful of their environmental and social responsibilities and adopt sustainable and responsible practice that minimize negative impacts and maximize positivist contribution . This may take dilute energy and water consumption , reducing waste and pollution , supporting local community and culture , and advance the conservation and preservation of natural resources and heritage site . Environmental and social responsibility function of tourism entrepreneurship also involve comply with relevant laws and regulation , enlist in stakeholder consultation and dialogue , and report on sustainability performance and achievements .

Role of Tourism Entrepreneurship in Economic Development :

Tourism entrepreneurship plays a essential role in the economical evolution of countries by creating job opportunities , generating income , promoting alien exchange earnings , and contribute to the overall growing of the tourism industry .

• Job Creation :Tourism entrepreneurship creates exercise opportunity in several sector of the saving , such as adjustment , transportation , food and drink , entertainment , and early related to services . The tourism industry is one of the largest employer in the world , accounting for around 10 % of total employment globally . In formulate nation , tourism entrepreneurship can act a vital office in creating job for local community , particularly in rural sphere where employment opportunities equal special .
• Income Genesis :Tourism entrepreneurship generates income for entrepreneur , employees , and the government . Tourism entrepreneurs create occupation that yield revenue through the sale of goods and service to tourist . Employee influence in the tourism industry earn salaries and pay , which contribute to their livelihoods and the local saving . The authorities also generate income through taxes , fee , and other charges levy on tourism businesses .
• Foreign Exchange Salary :Tourism entrepreneurship promotes foreign exchange earnings by pull in alien tourists to a destination . Foreign tourists get in foreign currency , which contribute to the balance of payments of a country . Tourism is a significant source of foreign exchange earnings in many developing country , where other export industries be not well formulate .
• Infrastructure Development :Tourism entrepreneurship contribute to the development of infrastructure in a destination . Tourism entrepreneurs invest in the development of adjustment , transportation , entertainment , and early related services , which take to the creation of new infrastructure . This new infrastructure attract more tourists , leading to increased economical action in the destination .
• Economical Diversification :Tourism entrepreneurship encourage economic diversification by creating opportunities for new businesses to issue . Tourism entrepreneurs much make new products and services that provide to the motive and preferences of tourist , leading to the emergence of new occupation . These novel businesses contribute to the overall economical evolution of a destination , leading to increase exercise opportunity and income generation .
• Regional Development :Tourism entrepreneurship contributes to the development of regional economy by creating economic linkages between urban and rural region . In many cases , tourism businesses be situate in rural areas , where the natural and ethnic attractions exist place . These businesses make problem and income opportunities for local community , leading to the evolution of the regional saving .
• Publicity of Local Culture and Heritage :Tourism entrepreneurship promotes local culture and heritage by originate production and service that showcase the unique features of a destination . Tourism entrepreneurs create cultural tour , heritage walk , and other related to products that highlight the local culture and heritage of a destination . This promotes ethnic exchange and understanding between tourist and local communities , lead to the preservation and publicity of local culture and heritage .

Tourism Entrepreneurship as Vital Resources :

Tourism entrepreneurship is a critical resource that act a significant part in the success and sustainability of the tourism industry . It refers to the creation and management of occupation that provide products and service to tourists . Tourism entrepreneur exist vital resource because they get innovation , creativity , and novel estimate to the tourism industry . Hither , we will talk about how tourism entrepreneurship can exist viewed as a vital imagination .

• Invention :Tourism entrepreneur are vital resource because they bring invention and creativity to the tourism industry . They develop fresh production and services that provide to the change need and preferences of tourist . For case , some entrepreneurs train eco-friendly and sustainable tourism production that attract to environmentally conscious travelers . These products and services add value to the tourism industry , leading to increased competitiveness and sustainability .
• Job Creation :Tourism entrepreneurship is a vital resource because it make employment opportunity in various sector of the saving . Tourism businesses such as hotel , restaurant , tour operator , and transport services employ millions of masses globally . Tourism entrepreneurship can work a vital part in creating jobs for local communities , specially in rural areas where employment opportunity equal limited .
• Economical Growing :Tourism entrepreneurship live a critical imagination because it contributes to the economical increase of nation . The tourism industry be one of the largest and fastest-growing industries globally , describe for around 10 % of the world ’ s GDP . Tourism entrepreneurship can lead to the creation of fresh businesses , increase alien exchange earnings , and the development of infrastructure , all of which contribute to the economical growth of countries .
• Development of Local Communities :Tourism entrepreneurship be a critical imagination because it contribute to the development of local community . Tourism businesses much origin their merchandise and service from local community , leading to the creation of income and utilization opportunity for local resident . Additionally , tourism entrepreneur often hire in corporate social responsibility first step that benefit local communities , such as the structure of school , hospital , and other infrastructure .
• Knowledge Transfer :Tourism entrepreneurship is a critical resource because it facilitates the transfer of knowledge and expertise . Tourism entrepreneur often own extensive knowledge and expertise in various aspects of the tourism industry , such as marketing , direction , and product development . They can part this knowledge with local communities and other entrepreneur , leading to the world of new businesses and the development of the tourism industry .
• Sustainable Tourism :Tourism entrepreneurship exist a vital resource because it promote sustainable tourism practices . Tourism entrepreneurs much adopt sustainable pattern such as using renewable energy source , reduce waste , and conserving natural resources . These practices not only benefit the environment but as well contribute to the long-term sustainability of the tourism industry .
• Ethnic Preservation :Tourism entrepreneurship exist a vital resource because it promote the preservation of local culture and heritage . Tourism entrepreneurs much develop product and services that showcase the unique features of a destination , such as cultural tour , heritage walks , and early related products . These product promote ethnic exchange and understanding between tourist and local community , lead to the preservation and publicity of local culture and heritage .

It exist evident that tourism entrepreneurship is an essential view of the tourism industry , as it brings innovation , creativity , and new estimate to the industry . It also contributes to the economic growing of nation , task world , and the evolution of local community . Tourism entrepreneurship promotes sustainable tourism practice , and cultural preservation , and facilitates knowledge transfer . Still , tourism entrepreneurship plays a essential role in the success and sustainability of the tourism industry . By distinguish its importance , policymakers and industry stakeholders can create an enabling environment that supports the evolution of tourism entrepreneurship , leading to the long-term success and sustainability of the tourism industry .

1. Altinay , L. , Madanoglu , M. , & Daniele , R. ( 2015 ) . Tourism entrepreneurship in peripheral destinations : The case of North Cyprus . Journal of Destination Marketing & Management , 4 ( 2 ) , 109-119 .
2. Carbone , V. , & Simeone , M. ( 2018 ) . The use of entrepreneurship in the evolution of rural tourism : Grounds from Italy . Journal of Rural Studies , 57 , 44-53 .
3. Chikweche , T. , & Fletcher , R. ( 2012 ) . Humble tourism firm and entrepreneurship in developing countries : A critical review . Tourism Management Perspectives , 2-3 , 27-34 .
4. Hall , C. M. , & Williams , A. M. ( 2018 ) . Tourism and invention . Routledge .
5. Jamal , T. , & Getz , D. ( 1995 ) . Collaboration theory and community tourism planning . Annals of Tourism Research , 22 ( 1 ) , 186-204 .
6. Mason , P. ( 2015 ) . Tourism impact , planning , and management . Routledge .
7. Sharpley , R. ( 2014 ) . Host and guests revisited : Tourism issues of the 21st hundred . Channel View Publications .
8. Shaw , G. , Bailey , A. , & Williams , A. M. ( 2011 ) . Aspects of service-dominant logic and its implication for tourism management : Examples from the hotel industry . Tourism Management , 32 ( 2 ) , 207-214 .
9. Smith , S. L. J. , & Jenner , P. ( 2011 ) . Understanding tourism entrepreneurship . Goodfellow Publishers .
10. Williams , A. M. , & Shaw , G. ( 2011 ) . Internationalization and innovation in tourism . Annals of Tourism Research , 38 ( 1 ) , 27-51 .
11. Gartner , W. B . ( 1985 ) . A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation . Academy of Management Review , 10 ( 4 ) , 696-706 .
12. Aguiló , E. , Riera , A. , & Mulet , F. ( 2005 ) . Entrepreneurship in the Balearic Islands ’ hotel industry . Annals of Tourism Research , 32 ( 1 ) , 139-156 .
13. Biagi , B. , & Detotto , C. ( 2012 ) . Entrepreneurship and the evolution of global wine tourism in Sardinia . Journal of Travel Research , 51 ( 2 ) , 218-229 .
14. Buhalis , D. , & Costa , C. ( 2006 ) . Tourism occupation frontiers : Consumers , production , and industry . Elsevier .
15. Carr , N. , & Cohen , B . ( 2011 ) . Humble firms as international players—A criticism of present-day international business research through the lens of network theory . International Business Review , 20 ( 6 ) , 668-680 .
16. Edwards , D. , & Hall , C. M. ( 2013 ) . Tourism and regional development : New pathways . Routledge .
17. Fayolle , A. , & Liñán , F. ( 2014 ) . The future of research on entrepreneurial intentions . Journal of Business Research , 67 ( 5 ) , 663-666 .
18. Hjalager , A. M. , & Edwards , D. ( 2013 ) . Tourism and entrepreneurship : International perspectives . Routledge .
19. Leitão , J. , & Garrido-Morgado , A . ( 2015 ) . Entrepreneurship in tourism : A review of the literature . Tourism & Management Studies , 11 ( 2 ) , 15-23 .
20. Mariussen , A . ( 2013 ) . Handbook on the economics of leisure . Edward Elgar Publishing .

Assistant Teacher at Zinzira Pir Mohammad Pilot School and College